The Stanley Cup playoffs (French: les series eliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley) are an elimination competition in the National Hockey League (NHL) that consists of four rounds of best-of-seven series to decide the league champion and Stanley Cup winner. The final round, known as the Finals, is a best-of-seven series between the Eastern Conference champion and Western Conference champion with the team that wins more games winning the cup.
The tournament has been played annually since 1917, except for 1918 when it was not held because of the collapse of the original six teams. The current format was introduced by then-league president Clarence Campbell in 1926. It replaces the "round-robin" system used before that time. The Final eight have always consisted of two eastern and two western conference teams, with the exception of 1976 when there were only six eastern teams. Beginning in the 1997–98 season, the top overall seed has won at least one Cup every year except for 2001 when 2002 champion New Jersey lost in the Finals. The Detroit Red Wings have won the most championships with nine. Montreal Canadiens players and coaches win the most awards with 14 total trophies. Boston Bruins players and coaches win the most playoff games with 102.
The trophy itself is named after Canadian businessman and hockey enthusiast Lester B. Pearson, who originally created it in 1892 as part of his education charity. It is currently manufactured by Chicago-based company Orla Smith Ltd.
The Stanley Cup playoffs are made up of four best-of-seven series. Each series is played in a 2-2-1-1-1 format, which means that the team with home-ice advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while the other team hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5-7 being played if necessary. Teams then switch roles for games 1 and 2.
The team that wins three out of four matches moves on to the next round, while the loser goes home. If the series remains tied three games each, then a tiebreaker game will be played using the same format as the previous three games. For example, if Game 5 ends in a tie, then the winner is determined by who has more goals after five minutes of overtime play. If the teams remain tied after this, then an instant replay review is used to determine a winner.
There have been 12 ties and 13 penalty shots taken during playoff games over the history of the Stanley Cup. The first playoff series tie was in 1917 when the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins both had 3 wins and 3 losses. Since then, there have been several other instances where two or more teams were tied at the end of the series. In all cases except one, they went on to play a deciding game seven. The only exception was in 1924 when the Ottawa Senators lost to the Chicago Black Hawks 4-3 in a game seven after winning three games in a row.
Each series is played in a 2-2-1-1-1 format, which means that the home team hosts games one, two, five, and seven, while the opponent hosts games three, four, and six. This ensures that each team gets a chance to rest its players for the final round.
This format was adopted by the National Hockey League in 1983 to replace the previous best-of-three system used from 1926 to 1982. It is believed that the best-of-seven series will give each team an equal opportunity to win the championship, while the best-of-three series could potentially go the entire length of a regular season without giving either team a chance to catch up.
In hockey, as well as other sports where there is a playoff structure, the number of games per series is usually greater than two. This is done so that both teams have an equal chance of winning, even if one team is significantly more talented than the other. A seven-game series would be too difficult for most professional hockey teams to survive, since they normally have only enough players to fill nine or ten spots on the roster. However, in the NHL's earlier years, when only eight teams participated in the league playoffs, this wasn't a problem because everyone went all the way to the final game of the series.